Deleteriuos effects of immobilization upon rat skeletal muscle: role of creatine supplementation

M.S. Aoki, W.P. Lima, E.H. Miyabara, C.H.A. Gouveia, A.S. Moriscot – Brazil

Clinicial Nutrition, 2004; 23:1176-1183

Summary Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of creatine feeding (5 g kg1 body weight day1) upon the deleterious adaptations in skeletal muscle induced by immobilization. Methods: Male Wistar rats were submitted to hind limb immobilization together with three dietary manipulations: control, supplemented with creatine for 7 days (along with immobilization) and supplemented with creatine for 14 days (7 days before immobilization and together with immobilization). Muscle weight (wet/dry) was determined in the soleus (SOL) and gastrocnemius (GAS). The analysis of lean mass was performed by DEXA and myosin heavy chain (MHC) distribution by SDSPAGE. Results: After 14 days of creatine loading, immobilized SOL and GAS total creatine content were increased by 25% and 18%, respectively. Regardless of dietary manipulation, the immobilization protocol induced a decrease in the weight of SOL and GAS (Po0.001). However, creatine feeding for 14 days minimized mass loss in the SOL and GAS (Po0.05). Our findings also indicate that creatine supplementation maximizes the expected slow-to-fast MHC shift driven by immobilization (Po0.05). Conclusions: Previous creatine supplementation attenuates muscle wasting induced by immobilization. This effect is associated with the increment of intramuscular creatine content.

CAPON expression in skeletal muscle is regulated by position, repair, NOS activity, and dystrophy

Laurent Ségalat, Karine Grisoni, Jonathan Archer, Cinthya Vargas, Anne Bertrand and Judy E. Anderson - France and Canada

Experimental Cell Research, 2005;302(2):170-179

Abstract

In skeletal muscle, the localization of nNOS is destabilized in the absence of dystrophin, which impacts muscle function and satellite cell activation. In neurons, the adaptor protein, carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand of nNOS (CAPON), regulates the distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which produces the key signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO). While a CAPON-like gene is known to compensate functionally for a dystrophic phenotype in muscle of Caenorhabditis elegans, CAPON expression has not been reported for mammalian muscle. Here, CAPON expression was identified in mouse muscle using Northern and Western blotting and in situ hybridization in combination with immunostaining for laminin. CAPON RNA was expressed in developing normal and dystrophic muscles near fiber junctions with tendons, and levels increased from 1 to 3 weeks. In regenerating normal muscle and also in dystrophic muscles in the mdx mouse, CAPON transcripts were prominent in satellite cells and new myotubes. Expression of CAPON RNA increased in diaphragm muscle of normal and mdx mice after treatment with L-arginine, the NOS substrate. Both CAPON and utrophin protein levels increased in dystrophic quadriceps muscle after treatment with the steroid deflazacort plus L-arginine, known to reduce the dystrophic phenotype. The identification of CAPON transcripts and protein in mammalian muscle and responses to L-arginine suggest CAPON may have a functional role in stabilizing neuronal NOS in skeletal muscle in the cytoskeletal complex associated with dystrophin/utrophin, with possible applications to therapy for human muscular dystrophy.

Mivacurium in Children with Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy: A Comparison of Onset and Duration of Neuromuscular Block with Children without Neuromuscular Diseases

Joachim Schmidt, Tino Munster, Stefanie Wick, Hubert J. Schmitt – Germany

Abstract presented on Annual American Society of Anesthesiologists, October 2004

Introduction: Duchenne’s  muscular dystrophy (DMD), an x-linked recessive disorder, is the most common myopathy seen in the pediatric population. Children afflicted with this disease may require anesthesia for muscle biopsy or orthopedic surgery. Of primary concern in children with this disorder is the choice of the neuromuscular blocking agent. Pharmacodynamic data of non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agents are scarce 1, 2. Succinylcholine is not recommended due to its adverse side effects. Investigation in DMD children with advanced disease state showed prolonged recovery after a standard dosage of rocuronium 2. The aim of this study was to compare the response to 0,2 mg/kg mivacurium in children with DMD and children without neuromuscular diseases (control-group).

Discussion: The results of the present study demonstrate that the recovery of neuromuscular block following a standard dosage of 0,2 mg/kg mivacurium is significantly prolonged in children with DMD compared to controls. Our results confirm a retrospective study where an increased sensitivity to mivacurium in children with DMD was suggested 4. We therefore recommend the monitoring of the neuromuscular function if mivacurium is used in children with DMD.